adjective clause

Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun. Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Contoh:

• I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
  
  Main Clause: I have read the book.
  Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.

Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause

• The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.
  
  Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult.
  Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.

Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:

1. Relative Pronoun

• Kata Ganti Orang
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That
  
  Fungsi :
  
  a. Subjek:
  
  - He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work
  
  b. Objek Kata Kerja:
  
  - He paid the man whom/that he had hired.
  
  c. Objek Kata Depan:
  
  - He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.
  
  d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan:
  
  - This is the girl whose picture you saw.

• Benda, Binatang
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that
  
  Fungsi:
  
  a. Subjek:
  
  - Here is a book which/that describes animals.
  
  b. Objek Kata Kerja:
  
  - The chair which/that he broke is being repaired.
  
  c. Objek Kata Depan:
  
  - She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.

2. Relative Adverbs

• Waktu
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
  
  - This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.

• Tempat
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where
  
  - Here is the house where I live.

• Alasan
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
  
  - Give me one good reason why you did that.

_________________________

1. Relative Pronoun

Yaitu Adjective Clause dengan memakai kata penghubung Relative Pronoun.

• The boy is called Bob. He gave me a present.
  
  • The boy who gave me a present is called Bob. atau
  • The boy who is called Bob gave me a present.

Beberapa contoh Adjective Clause lainnya:

• The boy whose radio was stolen is a student.
• The girl whom I gave a special reward is a bright student.
• The bike which I borrowed last week was sold.

2. Relative Adverb

Pelajaran tentang ini dibahas lebih lengkap pada Relative Clause. Hal-hal yang perlu ditambahkan di sini, yaitu:

• Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, mungkin (kadang-kadang) dapat digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat.
  
  - The reason (that) I came should be obvious to you.
  - The reason (why) I came should be obvious to you.
  - The reason I came should be obvious to you.

• When atau Where Bering dapat Baling ditukarkan dengan Preposition yang menunjukkan tempat (a preposition of Place) ditambah dengan Which.
  
  - The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large metropolis.
  - The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.

Kadang-kadang that dapat menggantikan where atau when.

• The day that (or when, on which) the trial was to take place was a stormy one.
• Please suggest a good place that (or where) we can meet

Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause

• Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
  
  
  • Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat.
  • Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that yang dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
  • Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
    
    Perhatikan Contoh berikut:
    
    a. Adjective Clause
    
    * The girl who is sitting next to me is Lisa.
    ==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent.
    
    b. Adjective Phrase
    
    * The girl sitting next to me is Lisa.
    ==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.

• Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
  
  (1) Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan.
  
  * Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan.
  * Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.
  
  * Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
  * Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
  
  * Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
  * Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget.
  
  * Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
  * Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
  
  (2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
  
  * Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
  * Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet  consisting of 26 letters.
  
  * Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
  * Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.

• Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu".
  
  * We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.
  
  • We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
  • We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay.
  • We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented with lay.

• Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas dengan of. Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului pronoun, dan hanya whom, which, dan whose yang digunakan dalam pola ini.
  
  Ungkapan kuantitas dengan "of" antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, each of, most of, dll.
  
  * There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java.
  --> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.
  
  * He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.
  --> He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.

• Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses
  
  Pedoman umum dalam Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses yaitu:
  
  
  • Jangan menggunakan tanda koma bila Adjective Clause diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
  • Gunakanlah tanda koma bila Adjective Clause hanya berfungsi untuk memberi informasi tambahan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
    
    • Henry whose wife works at a bank came to my house yesterday.
    • Alex, whose wife works at a bank, came to my house yesterday.
  
  Keterangan:
  
  Contoh pertama menggambarkan bahwa Henry memiliki lebih dari 1 istri. Pada kalimat tersebut pembicara ingin mengindentifikasikan istrinya yang bekerja di Bank, bukan yang lainnya.
  
  Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, kita sudah jelas, kalau Alex memiliki hanya 1 orang istri. Frase yang berada di antara koma hanya memberikan keterangan tambahan saja. Tanpa frase tersebut pun orang lain sudah mengetahuinya kalau istrinya Alex memang bekerja di sebuah Bank karena memang istrinya cuma 1 itu.
  
  Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penggunaan tanda koma dalam Adjective Clause.
  
  
  • Soekarno, who is the first President of Republic of Indonesia, could deliver speech well.

Perbedaan antara Adjective Clause dan Noun Clause

Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya, maka kadang-kadang antara Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause sering membingungkan.

Ada 2 macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

• Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan.
  
  Adjective Clause
  
  
  • I know the house where he lives.
  (where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari kata know)
  
  Noun Clause
  
  
  • I know where he lives.
  (where he lives adalah objek dari kata know)

Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik Adjective Clause dan bukan milik Noun Clause.

Adjective Clause

• The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.

(Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase dengan whom dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian belakang Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his).

Noun Clause

• He gives money to whoever needs it.

conditional sentences(if-clause)

If Clause Type I

if + Simple Present, will-Future
Type I indicates what will happen, provided that a certain situation is given.
Examples:

If you send your order by fax, we will deliver the goods immediately.
If you invite me for lunch, I will help you with your presentation.

If Clause Type II

if + Simple Past, would + infinitive
Type II indicates what could happen if a present situation were different.
Examples:

If we had more employees, we would work more efficiently.
If we delivered poor quality, we would not be the leading company in our business.

If Clause Type III

if + Past Perfect, would + have + past participle
Type III indicates what could have happened in the past if a situation had been different then.
Examples:

If you had read the paper, you would have seen the advertisement.
If I had taken the bus, I would have been late.

passive voice

PASSIVE VOICEIs the subject of an active sentence the sentence is an act of the perpetrator, while the passive sentence is the sentence that the subject is not the perpetrators of an act. The subject is the recipient of the result of an action.
Example:
1. Active: Rani was watering the plants yesterdayPassive: This plant is typed by Rani yesterday2. Active: My sister hit a catPassive: A cat was hit by my brother
Note:Use passive voice if the perpetrator acts not so important.Example: This book was created in 1898
If we need to mention who the perpetrators of an act, use the word by (by)Example: This book was created by President Yudhoyono in 1898
The general formula to form a passive sentence
Active: S + Verb 1 + Object + etc.Passive: Object + to be + Verb 3 + (by) + (subject) + etc.
To be used
1. Present: is, am, are2. Past: was, were the resource persons3. Perfect: been (in front of have, has, or Had)4. Future: be (after modals)5. Continuous: being (in front of one of the 7 to be on top)
Things that need to be known and remembered
1. To say a sentence in the passive voice, tenses do not change. Tenses must be the same if we say so in active form. What changed his only verb.
2. The verb has no object (intransitive verb) can not be converted into the passive voice, like, crying, boiling, rising, etc.
Examples of active and passive sentences
1. Bella writes a song (active)2. A song was wrote by Bella (passive)



Forms Passive Sentences
1) Passive Sentence imperative
Let + object + be + V3
Eat the fried rice (active)Let the fried rice be eaten (passive)
2) Passive infinitive: It is / was time
It is / was time for + object + to be + V 3
It is time to send the message (active)It is time for the message to be sent (passive)
3) Negative imperative Passive Sentence
Subject + be + V 3 + not to + infinitive
(Verb / V3 is often used is: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)
Do not look at me (active)You are advised not to look at me (passive)
4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception
Subject + be + adjectives + Pls + subject + be + V3
(Verb used are: taste, smell, feel)
This class feels hot (active)This class is hot Pls it is felt (passive)
5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by 'that-clause'
Verb used: point out, presume, Prove, regret, reports, say, think, understand accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, Decide, Expect, find out, intend, plan.
We said that the doctor Had to get out from hospital (active)It was said that the doctor Had to get out from hospital (passive)
6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements
Flora Consider her very fat (active)Flora is Considered very fat (passive)


7) Passive Sentence with two objects
Rudi Gave me a cat (active)A cat was given to me by Rudi (passive 1)I was given a paint by Rudi (passive 2)
8) Sentence Passive Verbs with gerund
Pupon enjoyed teaching the paint (active)The cat enjoyed being taught by Pupon (passive)
9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence
In a passive sentence, if the perpetrator of a long expression so that subject should be placed at the end of the sentence after by.
We were the resource persons all Surprised by her successed
10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs
The verb used is: require, deserve, need

freedom sex

Teenagers, Freedom, Sex, and HIV / AIDS


   The rampant promiscuity led to an increase of HIV / AIDS. The high number of people living with HIV / AIDS among adolescents is caused by an increasingly risky sexual behavior. The slogan "Stay away from AIDS, not people" teach us to be tolerant with people who like bergonta couples. On behalf of women's reproductive rights, the solution to the problem of HIV / AIDS is to conduct a campaign of condom use, sex education and reproductive health (Kespro), so that teens can have sex in a healthy and not at risk, encourage the teens to perform family planning, even if already pregnant, no need to worry because abortion has been legalized.

   As a result, the concept Kespro regarded as no other solutions intended to legalize free sex slogans packed with women's reproductive health. Instead of improving health status, which occurs even more health problems. Free sex-punerat relation to alcohol and drugs, as a result of drugs and alcohol, even overshadow the younger generation.

  This is the portrait of a secular system of democracy that has provided freedom behave, relate sesksual, homosexuality, lesbianism, transgender, and others on behalf of human rights. And the remaining are the generation who are waiting for death convict.

  Islam glorifies man and placing women in positions appropriate to their nature. Woman is the mother of generations on his shoulders lies a great responsibility to bear and educate generations of quality. Islam set the pattern of relationships between men and women in the household, include: marriage, pregnancy, birth, breastfeeding, livelihood security, education, and others.

  By marriage, women were given the right to be treated with dignity, guaranteed by the existence of a living physical. Marriage is intended to give birth eturunan and preserve the human race. Islam forbids adultery and specifies strict punishment for the perpetrators. Time to enforce sharia and the caliphate to save generations, preventing people (teenagers) from the dangers of sexual deviations by applying the Islamic social system.

pergaulan

Today's youth association
 
 As social beings, humans can not be separated from the name of others. So it is with teens. It requires interaction with others to reach maturity. What matters more is how a teenager was hanging out, by whom, and what was her social impact for themselves, others and the environment. For that we see in advance the understanding the association. Association comes from the slang word. Intercourse itself mean everyday life in friendship or community. But not so among most teenagers today. Gaul under dimension teens who said it is participating in the modern trends, fashion, and other things that relate to the glamor life. Have to get into gangs, often bobbed and konkow-konkow in various places such as malls, tourist attractions, gaming centers and others. Which in turn, will lead to teenage slang dimensions of consumer culture.

 The unfortunate also from, Äúgaul, Äù most teenagers today is the standard value is derived from cultural tradition or way of life of non-Muslims. Exemplarily, used clothes that the model must match the growing modes in the international community today. And we can see the clothes rarely match the proper criteria in Islamic clothing.

 Solidarity and loyalty are often used as a basis to plunge into the world rah-rah. With, Äúsetia friend, Äù was also most teenagers start smoking, drinking alcohol, taking drugs, and even free sex. If it did not join the gang's activities or friends can hang out is not considered, Äúsetia friend, Äù. The paradigm that's the kind of mind grabbing some of today's teenagers. Actually, with actions that they had destroyed the purity of the meaning of solidarity and camaraderie that himself.

 If the review is in, Äúgaul, Äù will not cause much negative impact if the standard values ​​used to define the slang, the standard value in accordance with Islamic Shari'a and eastern cultures is also filled with good karma and decency. However, to change something that is ingrained about some of the teens today is not easy. All this requires a synergy of all parties, both parents, families, community leaders, government, and that is not less important is our own role as a teenager who will go through life in the frame of the word, Äúgaul, Äù itself

friend

Meaning a friend

Love and friendship are interwoven love beautiful to be forgotten ...sometimes we may feel severe pain when wethink for a friend ... I've been throught this moment ...
Sure enough said people have a true friend is more valuable than a thousand friends selfish ego .. But when it comes, sometimes we can easily forget the true meaning of persaabatan .. Often, too, we have to swallow a bitter pill for the happiness of a friend ..
What we experience for the sake of friends is sometimes very tiring and annoying, but that's what makes a beautiful friendship has a value.Friendship often presents some trials, but true friendship can overcome the temptation to grow even with so ...
Friendship is not created automatically but requires a long process like a friendship tinged with a variety of experiences joy and sorrow, comfort, hurt, concerned, disappointed, heard, ignored, assisted, rejected, but all these have never intentionally done with the purpose of hatred ..
A friend does not hide mistakes to avoid disputes, precisely because of his love he ventured to rebuke what it is.
Companions never wrap a blow with a kiss, but said what was very painful for the purpose of his friend want to change.
The process of friends become friends require maintenance of the loyalty business, but not when we need help then we have the motivation to seek attention, help and pernyataaan love from others, but instead he took the initiative to provide andrealize what is needed by sahabatnya.Kerinduannya is to become part of the life of his friend, because there is no friendship that begins with self-important attitude.
Everyone will need a true friend, but not everyone got it. Many people who have been enjoying the beauty of friendship, but some are so devastated by his best friend betrayed.

In the heyday, my friends know us. In adversity, we know of friends ..

kejujuran

Meaning an honesty
Life is the secret power of God, sometimes happy and sometimes miserable, there is weeping tears and laughter echoes briefly then cover it up, there is beauty there is also the gloom, we should all realize that with all humility.
If honesty we make a person restless heart, if we interfere with night sleep candor someone, if what comes out of conscience, it makes other people hurt. So ask forgiveness pafanya, on ketidakkuasaan hearts to bury feelings.
Honesty is hard, and sometimes we are disempowered and completely wrong with honesty itself. Between yes and no, between love and hate, between accepting and rejecting, between acknowledging and cover, it is difficult indeed to be able to say "no" without hurting the sanctity of the liver. If the author himself asked like that, while the liver is not thought of that, the author would be.
Sometimes the author himself was also confused, is also said to hurt the feelings of honesty though, if feelings of sadness because the honesty of the writer, while it is true that I did it, why people did not make a writer upset because his honesty? And if it is a mistake, why do you even lied to my sadness? Is not that more painful. If you do not love me why must say, dear, if you love me why do you forget me, and when I learn to forget it even came to remind yourself.
Beloved, what exactly you want done to me? If you want to play, why should feeling victimized? If you want to be friends, why are so intimate with what is spoken? If you want to joke and laugh, why do you always take with hearts? If you want friendly, why are you so eager just to vent?. If you feel sorry for me, give what I need not even lie. If you do not have the heart, so help me as best you can, rather than to punish the intimacy of expression in words.
What has happened has happened, because, it is able to utter only as a form of submission of the will which He has given, as a form of gratitude because, I can say honestly to you. Know that whatever you have said to me, I accept with all humility, because I was aware with all the shortcomings and this mistake. There was no anger in the heart, no soul to burn annoyed, no revenge incited the soul, and there's no override that desperate goal. I just ask myself this may always be honest with you, come clean with the feelings I was experiencing, and say what it is about me in front. It was all this while I want, learn to be able to do kejujuran.Kehidupan is the secret power of God, sometimes happy and sometimes miserable, there is weeping tears and laughter echoes briefly then cover it up, there is beauty there is also the gloom, we should all be aware by all humility.
If honesty we make a person restless heart, if we interfere with night sleep candor someone, if what comes out of conscience, it makes other people hurt. So ask forgiveness pafanya, on ketidakkuasaan hearts to bury feelings.
Honesty is hard, and sometimes we are disempowered and completely wrong with honesty itself. Between yes and no, between love and hate, between accepting and rejecting, between acknowledging and cover, it is difficult indeed to be able to say "no" without hurting the sanctity of the liver. If the author himself asked like that, while the liver is not thought of that, the author would be.
Sometimes the author himself was also confused, is also said to hurt the feelings of honesty though, if feelings of sadness because the honesty of the writer, while it is true that I did it, why people did not make a writer upset because his honesty? And if it is a mistake, why do you even lied to my sadness? Is not that more painful. If you do not love me why must say, dear, if you love me why do you forget me, and when I learn to forget it even came to remind yourself.
Beloved, what exactly you want done to me? If you want to play, why should feeling victimized? If you want to be friends, why are so intimate with what is spoken? If you want to joke and laugh, why do you always take with hearts? If you want friendly, why are you so eager just to vent?. If you feel sorry for me, give what I need not even lie. If you do not have the heart, so help me as best you can, rather than to punish the intimacy of expression in words.
What has happened has happened, because, it is able to utter only as a form of submission of the will which He has given, as a form of gratitude because, I can say honestly to you. Know that whatever you have said to me, I accept with all humility, because I was aware with all the shortcomings and this mistake. There was no anger in the heart, no soul to burn annoyed, no revenge incited the soul, and there's no override that desperate goal. I just ask myself this may always be honest with you, come clean with the feelings I was experiencing, and say what it is about me in front. It was all this while I want, learn to be able to honesty.

freedom

People who live in liberty are those who can act unobstructed by barriers made by others to stop him. However, such freedom can only be represented in a moral and logical if freedom itself as a principle not so find. Because of that freedom of action for a liberal when he ended up in restricting the freedom of others by force and coercion. So, we need a precise definition of the absolute freedom for every individual. Here the question about the limits of freedom associated with the question of property rights.
Freedom is only legitimate when people may have something in accordance with their rights. Thus emerged a general rule not to have anyone else, except the right of ownership was handed over voluntarily. Freedom is, thus declared fathers, the English philosopher and father of liberalism John Locke in his book "Two treatises on Government" in 1690, departing from ownership. This in no way related to political interests that refers to personal property ("Possesive individualism") as referred to some critics. Locke's statement was more emphasis on the definition of personality. Ownership is Locke's first of all is the ownership of man by himself. In modern American English, there is a good term for it, namely "self-ownership".
Liberal freedom aspired not been able to be realized by man. Although there is progress, nonetheless there are still rules of coercion (usually by the government) who kill, injure, confining or take human rights to speak.
Is not there are so many excuses to limit that freedom? Are not many people feel threatened by the existence of differences with others so that they want to limit the differences with violence? Are not many people argue that a third person who is less fought  that need to be forced to help the state to make social kesemwarutan really exist or that there are visible? Are not many people considered legitimate to protect one another from self destruction (eg through the consumption of drugs)? Are not many people want to force others for the sake of happiness that person?

remaja

Teenagers as a potential human
"Youth". The word according to the adolescents themselves are a minority group that has its own color, who have a "world" is difficult to separate touched by an adult.
Now the group of teenagers are human beings who have the potential. Teen group that has vitality, spirit priorita, hopes successor generations. The young generation is directed to prepare a cadre of successors of national struggle and national development by giving the stock of skills, leadership, physical fitness, creative ability, patriotism, idealism, personality and noble character. For it is necessary to create a healthy climate that allows the creativity of the younger generation is growing at a reasonable and responsible. Terms of its approach through formal education, non-formal, or informal, outside and inside school. As a small example of business involving youth in development is the inclusion of adolescence in a concrete political education appears to be done in many activities of the election campaign 1982.


Efforts to understand and comprehend teen
Efforts to understand and comprehend adolescents is by knowing and mnegerti about adolescent growth and development, especially in teenagers drove toward psychological maturity and social maturity.


Summary of things that need to understand and be understood
Age range and characteristics of adolescents;
Before someone called the teen is "the threshold of adolescence" which is often known as "puberty" by different uniqueness. Characteristics filled with "storm and typhoon", the feeling of a turbulent and sensitive to negative stimuli.
G. Stanley Hall, said that this period is called as a period filled with "strom and stress". Then the characteristics of late adolescence is a wonderful period in his life. Young men and Young women are hdup decorate them with the love story is not uncommon to wash away.
Early adolescent physical growth sedmikian fast 'imbalance of a limb, so that often they appear to have an imbalance and the imbalance of body motion. Further growth of the sex glands and perkmebangan sexual behaviors known to be "history" long enough.